In the present study there is apparently no

In the present study, there is apparently no compensatory mechanism in visceral organs in order to overcome STZ induced oxidative stress. Reduced activities of SOD and CAT in liver, kidney and heart have been observed during diabetes. SOD is vital defence enzyme which catalyses the dismutation of superoxide radicals [34]. CAT is a hemeprotein which catalyses the reduction of hydrogen peroxides and protects the tissues from highly reactive hydroxyl radicals [35]. Therefore, fall in the activity of these colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (SOD, CAT) may consequence in a number of deleterious effects due to the accumulation of superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxides. Administration of FRF significantly increased SOD levels in all the vital organs tested. However, increased in CAT level was only observed in liver and kidney but not in heart tissue of the diabetic rats. From the present study, it was quite interesting to observe that, increased lipid peroxidation in vital organs of rats exposed to hyperglycemia and its attenuation by the control of hyperglycemia with FRF treatment. It strongly suggests the protective role of the FRF, which could be due to the antioxidative effect of flavonoids present in the red algae, which acts as strong superoxide radical scavengers and singlet oxygen quenchers. Earlier report on STZ treated animals with insulin treatment significantly reverse SOD and CAT levels in the heart and kidneys of the diabetic rats [36]. The effect of insulin in SOD, CAT and TBARS level was in accordance with the earlier reports [37,38]. It is interesting to observe that high dose of FRF significantly increases the GSH level in STZ treated rat vital organs. Cellular Glutathione pool enzymes have a key role in enzymatic defense systems and acts on peroxides (H2O2, lipid or organic peroxides) to remove them. In the present investigation, it was observed that FRF treatment could effectively increase the activity of GSH and other antioxidant enzymes. The cellular GSH pool is mainly maintained by the oxidation of GSH and regeneration of reduced GSH by GSH-peroxidase and GSSG-reductase enzymes respectively. Under oxidative stress condition, increased oxidation of GSH by GSH-Px and decreased regeneration of GSH by GSSG-reductase have been implicated as the main reason for the reduced level of GSH. Histopathology study also props up our output. STZ was supposed to annihilate pancreas partially. Diabetic rats showed condensed (or) reduced islet cells, which were restored to normal upon treatment with the FRF (50 and 100mg/kg) of A. spicifera. No such variation was found in normal rats. These results indicate that the FRF fraction of red algae A. spicifera showed significant pro protection against the oxidative damage induced by STZ in liver and kidney of rats. FRF may act as protective agents against STZ induced liver and kidney damage and free radical scavenger agent.
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgement
Introduction Since natural product-derived dugs frequently seem to be less toxic and more effective, identification and investigation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-cancer agents from natural substances have been one of the research interests in recent years. Antioxidants scavenge variety of free radicals and reactive oxygen species and it can be extremely important in inhibiting oxidative mechanisms that lead to degenerative diseases [1]. Free radicals have been implicated as playing a role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer\'s disease, Parkinson\'s disease, etc. Although several modern drugs are used to treat this type of disorder, their prolonged use may cause severe adverse side effects on chronic administration [2]. Cancer is the largest single cause of death in both men and women. Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out of control of cell growth. There are different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected. Cancer harms the body when altered cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors except for leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream.